1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted 10 December 1948, G.A. Res. 217A(Ill), U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948).

2. Blanche Wiesen Cook, "Eleanor Roossevelt and Human Rights: The Battle for Peace and Planetary Decency", Edward P. Crapol, ed., Women and American Foreign Policy: Lobbyists Critics, and lnsiders (New York: Greenwood Press;1987), 98-118; Georgina Ashworth, "Of Violence and Violation: Women and Human Rights", Change Thinkbook II (London, 1986).

3. Vibhuti Patel, In Search of Our Bodies: A Feminist Look at Women, Health and Reproduction in India (Shakti, Bombay, 1987); Lori Heise, "International Dimensions of Violence Against Women", Response, vol. 12, no. 1 (1989): 3.

4. Sundari Ravindran, Health Implications of Sex Disscrimination in Childhood (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1986). These problems and proposed social programs to counter them in India are discussed in detail in "Gender Violence: Gender Discrimination Between Boy and Girl in Parental Family", paper published by CHETNA (Child Health Education Training and Nutrition Awareness), Ahmedabad, 1989.

5. Debbie Taylor, ed., Women: A World Report, A New Internationalist Book (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 10. See Joni Seager and Ann Olson, eds., Women in the World: An International Atlas (London: Pluto Press, 1986) for more statistics on the effects of sex discrimination.

6. Frequently a husband will disguise the death of a bride as suicide or an accident in order to collect the marriage settlement paid him by the bride's parents. Although dowry is now illegal in many countries, official records for 1987 showed 1,786 dowry deaths in India alone. See Heise, note 3 above, 5.

7. For an in-depth examination of the practice of female circumcision see Alison T. Slack, "Female Circumcision: A Critical Appraisal", Human Rights Quarterly 10 (1988): 439.

8. C. Everett Koop, M.D., "Violence Against Women: A Global Problem", presentation by the Surgeon General of the US., Public Health Service, Washington D.C.,1989.

9. Ana Maria Portugal, "Cronica de Una Violacion Provocada?", Fempress especial "Contraviolencia", Santiago,1988; Seager and Olson, note 5 above, 37.

10. Ashworth, note 2 above, 9.

11."Violence Against Women in the Family", Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations Office at Vienna,1989.

12. Bella English, "Stereotypes Led Us Astray", The Boston Globe, 5 Jan.1990, 17, col. 3. See also the statistics in Women's International Network News, 1989; United Nations Office, note 11 above; Ashworth, note 2 above; Heise, note 3 above; and Fempress, note 9 above.

13. Ashworth, note 2 above, 8.

14. Heise, note 3 above, 3.

15. Riane Eisler, "Human Rights: Toward an Integrated Theory for Action", Human Rights Quarterly 9 (1987): 297. See also Alida Brill, Nobody's Business: The Paradoxes of Privacy (New York: Addison-Wesley,1990).

16. Eisler, note 15 above, 291.

17. Sandra Coliver, "United Nations Machineries on Women's Rights: How Might They Better Help Women Whose Rights Are Being Violated?", in Ellen L. Lutz, Hurst Hannum and Kathryn J. Burke, eds., New Directions in Human Rights (Philadelphia: Univ. of Penn. Press,1989).

18. Marijke Meyer, "Oppression of Women and Refugee Status", unpublished report to NGO Forum, Nairobi, Kenya, 1985 and "Sexual Violence Against Women Refugees", Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour, The Netherlands, June 1984.

19. Ximena Bunster describes this in Chile and Argentina in "The Torture of Women Political Prisoners: A Case Study in Female Sexual Slavery", in Kathleen Barry, Charlotte Bunch, and Shirley Castley, eds., International Feminism: Networking Against Female Sexual Slavery (New York: IWTC,1984).

20. Report given by Margaret Groarke at Women's Panel, Amnesty International New York Regional Meeting, 24 Feb.1990.

21. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, GA. Res. 34/180, U.N. Doc. A/Res/34/180 (1980).

22. Intemational Women's Rights Action Watch, "The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women" (Minneapolis: Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs,1988),1.

23. CEDAW Newsletter, 3rd Issue (13 Apr.1989), 2 (summary of U.N. Report on the Eighth Session, U.N. Doc. A/44/38,14 April 1989).

24. Commonwealth Secretariat, "The Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women: The Reporting Process - A Manual for Commonwealth Jurisdictions", London,1989.

25. Speech given by Ninotchka Rosca at Amnesty International New York Regional Conference, 24 feb.1990, 2.