RESEARCH METHODS 
CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
      Example: Coke - Pepsi slugfest  (i. e. M vs. Q)
      Example:  Giving blood reduces the risk of heart attack

 
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS (subject expectancy effects): when a research subject  expects a given result and therefore unconsciously affects the outcome, or reports the expected result
       Example:  Sensory Deprivation (Orne)



EXPERIMENTER EXPECTANCY EFFECTS: Unintentional behaviors that researchers manifest that might influence the Ss to behave in ways consistent with hypothesis.
              Example: (Clever Hans)

                SAFEGUARD: Double- Blind Procedure: both experimenter & Ss are kept blind to hypothesis

      

 
         


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